Common Software Vulnerabilities', Database Security, and Attacks Essay

Common Software Vulnerabilities', Database Security, and Attacks on Networks discussion - Essay Example Linux has applications from cars to cameras and Raspberry Pi and the bug could be fatal in Android, IBM machines, and Windows (Johnson, 2011). The primary source of the attack emanates from the web where a hacker could manipulate the bug to add malicious code on websites or to funnel information such as health records or bank details (Fogel, 2013). Shellshock allows the intruder to access each internet-powered device in an individual’s home from very innocuous entities such as smart light bulbs. Rated at ten on the severity check, the only solution to the vulnerability is updating devices with patches by the website and server owners to secure their clients. While antivirus and firewalls are the initial defenses for most organizations, they will not to be able to stop the attacker getting in this way and, therefore, must be advised to obtain operating system updates from software vendors. The bug is believed to have been in existence for 25 years, to its discovery by Linux’s expert Stà ©phane Chazelas. For instance, Apache web server operates Bash in its background in executing tasks such as processing personal data keyed in through online forms. Encryption in databases has worked its way to the top of the priorities list in the current IT sector. Applications and firewalls no longer suffice in protection of data and businesses in the present day’s complex and open IT environments. Complying with a number of regulations and mitigating the risk are the main drivers forcing database encryption onto the security agenda. However, there are some proposed corrections to the challenge. At the moment, businesses are taken by key management, concerning the largest challenges as database encryption. They are also grappling with matters such as a way to seclude security management and databases, controlled usage, key copying and the means to offer the security auditor proof of secure systems (Cherry, 2011). Governments for are insisting on encryption to

How to write an essay Essay Example for Free

How to write an essay Essay 1. An introduction-introducing the topic generally, and then identifying your main or controlling idea (the point of your essay, your view of the assigned topic statement). 2. Middle paragraphs that develop and support the controlling idea. Each paragraph gives a different point or argument supporting the thesis. One point per paragraph, and one paragraph per main point. Don’t forget to give good concrete examples with descriptive details, facts and arguments to support each of your arguments. Develop the paragraph fully and logically with these details, facts and arguments. 3. Conclusion-re-states the controlling idea, summarizes the supporting arguments and provides a closing statement. Title Your title should relate to your main topic to establish the focus of the essay. It should be concise and informative. Examples: â€Å"Reasons for the Fall of Rome† or â€Å"The Emancipation of the Tibetan Nation† The Introduction The introductory paragraph tries to interest the reader, name the subject of the paper, indicate what idea will be expressed about it, and perhaps show how it will be handled. There are many ways to begin an expository essay: Begin with a quotation. It may be directly or indirectly related to the subject. Begin with an interesting fact or statistic. Begin with a short anecdote or narrative. A short narrative is particularly effective for adding a touch of variety to an expository paper. Begin with a paradox. Begin with relevant background material. Background material should, however, be concise and clearly related to your thesis. Begin by stating a long-term effect or effects without immediately stating the cause. Begin with an analogy. Begin with a definition of a term that is important to your topic. This should not be a simple dictionary definition but an explanation of the term as it applies to your topic. The thesis statement A thesis statement alerts your reader to the main argument of the essay and prepares him or her, in a general way, for the content that is to follow. The statement should be brief; there is no point in supplying an outline of everything that a short paper is going to say. But the thesis statement should not merely announce the author’s general interests or plans. Examples: Preliminary thesis statement: I intend to discuss the reasons for the fall of Rome. Revised thesis statement: The major reason for the fall of Rome was bad economic policy. Preliminary thesis statement: I think that Tibet should be its own free nation. Revised thesis statement: Tibet should be its own free nation. Development Your development should have at least three points or arguments supporting your thesis. Each point should take up a whole paragraph. Paragraphs are composed of three elements: Topic sentence: This sentence presents in general terms the subject of the paragraph. The topic sentence may occur anywhere in the paragraph, but is generally the first sentence of the paragraph. Supporting sentences: These sentences form the body of the paragraph. The content of the supporting sentences comprises specific facts or specific arguments which demonstrate the validity of the generalizations presented in the topic sentence. Concluding sentence: This sentence concludes discussion of the point which is the topic of the paragraph and often makes possible the transition to the topic of the next paragraph.

The effects of technology on society

The effects of technology on society The effects of technology on society The term technology is derived from the Greek word technologia which means the practical application of knowledge, particularly in a specific discipline of study. It is worthwhile to note that technology is an abstract term that lacks a single universally acceptable concrete definition. Nevertheless, it can be defined as the usage and application of knowledge concerning tools, crafts, techniques, methods or systems of organization, or a material end product of these things, such as clothing. It is a word that is used collectively to portray or describe the advancements, undertakings, creations, abilities, views and knowledge of a distinct group of people (Basalla 14-15). On the other hand, a human society can be defined as a group of people who are delineated by their cultural identity, functional interdependence and social solidarity. A comprehensive definition of this term also takes into account the social status and roles of the people within society. By extension, a society may be taken to mean a group of people within a given region or country, or even the whole world in totality. As such, the meaning of society is closely linked to what is deemed to be social. It is also worth to note that members of any given society share some common characteristics, such as a common goal and a common interest or mutual concern (Jenkins 18-20). Throughout history, technologies have significantly affected human beings and other species of animals in their ability to control and acclimatize to their natural environment. Historically, human beings started applying the use of technology with the improvisation of the existing natural resources into simple tools and equipment. For instance, the realization of the capacity to control fire augmented the existing sources of food, while the invention of the wheel helped human beings to control their environment and enhance transport. On the other hand, modern technological advancements such as the telephone, the printing press and the internet have minimized physical hurdles of communication. They have also enabled human beings to interact rapidly and freely on a global scale by transforming the world into a global village. Nevertheless, it is quite clear that not all technologies have been used by human beings for peaceful purposes. For instance, technology has been used to construc t destructive weapons that range from clubs to nuclear weapons (Basalla 20-25). Human beings are divided in their opinions about the general impact of technology on society. Some people believe that technology has really helped human societies while others disagree with this claim. Nevertheless, technology has influenced different societies both positively and negatively in various ways. For instance, technology has helped many societies, especially in the contemporary world to improve their economies as well as allowing for the creation of a leisure class. In addition, technological processes have often led to pollution of the environment and exhaustion of natural resources, thus harming the earth and its environment. Different modes of technological implementation also influence the values of different societies and in many cases, arrival of new technologies often raise new ethical questions. For instance, technological advancements have led to an increase in the idea of efficiency with regard to human production, a term which was in the past only applied to m achines, and the challenge of conventional customs. This paper looks at how the use of machines has impacted on the capacity of workers, the effects of computer and the cell phone on society, and the general impacts of technology to the environment. In the contemporary world, machines continue to automate most of the critical industrial and household processes. For instance, machines have taken up, and are continuing to substitute human workers in most of the mundane jobs in industries. This is because of the evolvement of technology such that machines can even perform tasks which cannot be done by man. The application of advanced technologies, like artificial intelligence and robotics has proved to be more effective in performing life-threatening tasks such as space exploration and mining. Nevertheless, there is an increasing concern in many countries about the deteriorating position of the semi-skilled and unskilled workers due to improved technology. It is argued that technological advancements have made many of these menial jobs obsolete or poorly paid. This situation has been mainly augmented by the growing modern computing technologies. Technological advancements have also impacted greatly on the value of the skills of wor kers. Old workers usually find it very difficult to adapt to new and complex technologies, while young workers rapidly and readily acquire and employ skills that are tailored towards new technologies. As a result, such technologies increase the value of young workers, while they reduce the productivity of the old workers (Edward 53-65). Needless to say that computer technology has transformed the face of the world today (Edward 66). Computers are capable of storing, processing, managing and organizing large quantities of information and data. They have also given birth to the software industry, which is one of the most developed industries in the world. Internet technology seeded from the concepts of computer networking and has grown to be the most effective platform of communication in the world, with the largest information base that exists in the modern world. The internet infrastructure, through the worldwide web has made it possible for people to communicate through email, websites, downloads, media and file sharing, so transforming the world into a global village. The internet infrastructure has also made it possible for researchers, scholars and other people to share information across the globe almost instantly. The internet has also given rise to significant positive changes in the advertising and entertain ment industries. Advertisements can therefore reach out to the populations within very few seconds and consequently, this has promoted the entertainment industry which relies heavily on advertisement. Simply stated, the internet has made it possible for societies in modern times to link up and promote the sharing of information and globalization (Edward 67-70). Cellular communication has also transformed the communication industry and the larger society as a whole to a very great extent. One of the earliest technological advancements in communication was the invention of the conventional telephone which was followed by the telegraph. Mobile phones have expanded the horizons of communication in the modern world through their capacity to allow for expedient long distance communication. They have enhanced the communication process in society because they provide different ways through which people can use to communicate to others, such as through calling and sending text messages. Therefore, important information or message can reach the receiver in a few seconds. Mobile phones also help to develop and support communication, contact and communication processes within society. In spite of all of their advantages, they can also impact negatively on society. For instance, some teenagers share pornographic information and photos by sending them us ing their mobile phones and this has created a very serious concern. In general, inappropriate use of the internet and mobile phones for purposes such as pornography has really polluted the social culture of the modern world (Fox 89-92). Most of the modern technological processes lead to the production of excessive waste products commonly referred to as industrial waste, and pollution. These wastes can be classified as either toxic wastes, electronic wastes or radioactive wastes. Even though some of the produced material waste is recycled and used in other industrial processes, much of it is released to the environment and the result is environmental pollution, degradation and lack of sustainability. Very few technologies in the modern world are designed with the contemplation of the environment in mind. Most of the technological advancements are directed towards economic gain rather than on environmental sustainability and this has caused a lot of direct detrimental effect on the environment, such as the depreciation of the ozone layer which has led to global warming. Historically, many societies sought to maintain their environments since they were the sources of wealth for the people. However, in the contemporary world, societies have failed to maintain and manage their environments and this has greatly affected the whole universe. The more delicate and obvious impacts of technology on the environment include the exhaustion of the worlds non-renewable natural resources such as coal, ores and petroleum, and the pollution of water, air and land mostly by industrial wastes and disposal. Effects of these impacts include global warming, loss of coastal wetlands, destruction of natural habitats and deforestation. While organisms are capable of recycling the wastes of other organisms naturally, there is no such mechanism of recycling for technological wastes and therefore they remain harmful to the environment for long periods of time (Fox 98-102). In conclusion, the aforementioned are only but a few fields that can be influenced by technology. It is indeed not possible to enlist all the effects (both positive and negative) of technology on society. Even though technology is in overall beneficial to world societies, it is relatively clear that technological advancement may be accompanied by negative side effects and drawbacks. In fact, every new technology is accompanied by unwanted or unexpected side effects. Therefore, it is necessary for societies to adapt to technological advancements that have minimal side effects on them, the environment and future generations. Works Cited Basalla, George. The Evolution of Technology. New York: Longman Publishing Group, 1988. Edward, McClellan. Science and Technology in World History. Washington: John Hopkins University Press, 2006. Fox, Frank. Women, Gender and Technology. Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 2006. Jenkins, Reyes. Foundations of Sociology. London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2002.

Functionalist View on Same-Sex Families Essay -- Papers

Functionalist View on Same-Sex Families What is Functionalism? Functionalism is the belief that members of society form relationships with each other through rules and regulations i.e. the law. They also believe society is based on a consensus and there is no time for conflict, although it is acknowledged but is seen as only a temporary disturbance, which can be resolved. They believe it is the basis of social life without it there would be conflict and disorder. Society is seen like the human body, institutions within society playing a significant role to ensure its upkeep like schools. These institutions are what influence societies members on social behaviour. They see the family as how it functions and contributes towards society as a whole. They believe the function of a family is to educate and prepare children before they become adult workers. What is the New Right? The New Right believes the family is the cornerstone of society. They see the ideal family is that of the nuclear unit, a heterosexual relationship based on love and commitment with the reproduction of children. They believe the cause of decline in the nuclear family is due to the change in society, which is threatening the norms of marriage. They believe it shall all be resolved with the return of the traditional family norms. How is society structured from a traditionalist or functionalist point of view? As I said earlier functionalists believe rules and regulations guide society, they believe it forms the basis of consensus. They see society structured like the human body; every part has an important role to play and a significant contribut... ...rica 50% of young Americans think gay people shouldn't have the same rights as everyone else, but they also said they didn't know enough to form a sound opinion. Most Americans said they think gay teachers should be fired, not only is that unfair dismissal, and discrimination. But what is it teaching the children? Functionalists say the main function of a family is to help educate children in social behaviour required by society. If they believe society is based on consensus then why are they encouraging conflict? Bibliography www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/scotts/domestic-partners/family.html www.familydiscussions.com/books/gillis.htm www.puclicagenda.org Family, Functionalism, and New Right Donnellan C, Sexuality Volume 23 Silva, E The New Family SAGE Publications Sociology Text Book

The Importance of Global Awareness Essay -- Politics Political Essays

The Importance of Global Awareness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The United States has been considered a leader in the global world of awareness since the beginning of the Monroe Doctrine in 1823. It is the one country that has influenced international economics, world politics. As a college student, I have become aware that most of my classmates and friends are not concerned about foreign affairs. Americans, especially college students need to know what is going on around them. It is a vital part of our promising future that we understand the importance of global awareness. A rising controversial question that I have noticed as a student is: why is the United States considered a leading global power when we have so many problems of our own? How did we gain such a prestigious title? This â€Å"world leader† title is inconsistent because people, especially youths and college students don’t care about what is happening around the world. That is the most horrific problem of all. Apathy is worse than hate and ignorance because Americans don’t want to know and don’t care to understand about foreign affairs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many solutions to apathy and ignorance. The combination of â€Å"realists† and â€Å"idealists† play a central role in giving democracy the vitality and appeal it enjoys around the world today. The promotion of democracy worldwide advances the national security of the United States. It promotes national security by arguing that such policy makes for better relations with other people Hence this satisfies realist demand that the country thinks of its interests which are defined in terms of the international organization of power (Smith 224).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another solution dealing with apathy and ignorance is involving students in the Globa... ...ople around the world. Similar nations look up to us as a model for supporting, governing, and entertaining for their lifestyles and cultures. To solve our socio- economic problems, it is necessary that we look back at our following countries and learn from them. Works Cited Issues and Studies: A Monthly Journal of Communist Problems and World Affairs. Multipolarity: Myth or Reality? Ray C. Hillam Visiting Professor. Department of Political Science. National Taiwan University Volume X August 1974 Number 11 pages 2-24 Foreign Affairs The Rise of the Virtual State Richard Rosecrance Professor of Political Science and Director of the Center for International Relations at the University of California, Los Angeles Volume 75 July and August 1996 Number 4 Global Awareness Homepage New Twentieth Century Fund Book â€Å"America’s Mission† Tony Smith pages 218-233

Vincent Van-Gohg

VThe movie we saw In class was really interesting, I really got to know the personality of Van-Gogh and how hard his life was. I really enjoy this video, but I stay with two main Ideas that really change my point of view of Vincent Van-Gogh. Suffer so that others do not suffer. This idea amazed me, I din ;t know that Van-Gogh was a man that loved to help people and that dedicate most of his life predicating the word of God.At the age of 20 Van-Gogh was rejected when he proposed to Ursula. This was really sad for him that his personality change a lot, he has angry with everybody except God. Van-Gogh throw all of his books except the bible and at this time he was dedicated hundred percent to God. Although he was dedicated to God his attitude din ‘t change and he got fire from the gallery he was working since the age of 15. After he got fire, he went to Amsterdam be a pastor but he was rejected, so he decide to became a missioner.Van-Gogh was suffering a lot he was rejected by the church because of his attitude, UT he din ‘t give up he found the way to help and predict, He use the appalling skills her mom taught him when he was little and start predicting In his painting. Van- Gogh had a sad and melancholy childhood atavist why he was a person that suffer a lot and understand the people that suffer to. When he was mission he gave his house to other people and went with the miners to live, in this part of the video they described him as a person that din ‘t care to add more of suffering to his life, but that he din ‘t want people to suffer like he did.At the age of 26 he decide to make art focusing in the dignity of workers and nature, he consider this preach through art. Van-Gogh passionate work. At the age of 33 Van-Gogh went to Paris and he experienced a different point of view of art, he change his idea and became a better artist. He was introduced to impressionism and he was amazed that he start working with other artists. Between artis ts they supported each other posing like models, because models were really expensive.Something that differentiated Vincent from the other artist was that he irked all the time, the other artist because their focus on the impressionism only work when the day light was good and whenever they wanted. This really bothers Van-Gogh, he said the other artists where not passionate enough, I think this was a different in education, Van-Gogh work since he was 15 years old, he had to leave school because of family economical issues and this help him to become a work man since he was little, to experience the real work and to gain money to live In dally life.At this time Van-Gogh decide to stop focusing In the Impressionism and start Glenn more life to their appalling and wanted to make a global unity In his paintings. But his passion didn't have limits, he arrived to the level that he stop eating because he his brushes and this has dangerous because of the chemicals in the paints. Vincent pro blems made people thought of him as a dangerous person. One day he threatened his roommate with a knife because they argued all the time, he also suffer from attacks.I think that when his brother got engaged and he stops worrying f Vincent life because of his family, Vincent got really stressed and sad. This sadness leads him to almost kill his self and cut his ear, he also though of him as an artist that will never had a future as an artist. But all of his work and effort was worth it, after he died his brother start selling more of his art and today Vincent Van-Sago's art is worth millions of dollars. Sometimes we don't understand why our work doesn't succeed but time make's it and Vincent because of his excesses of passion didn't arrive to the time where his work became successful.

Ultrasonic Speed Measurement

â€Å"ULTRA SONIC SPEED MEASUREMENT DEVICE† A PROJECT REPORT Submitted in partial fulfillment Of requirements for award of the degree Of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY In ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING By: Nimisha Sharma Nishant Tyagi Gaurav Sharma [pic] Department of Electronics & communication engineering Radha Govind Engineering College Meerut, U. P 2009-2010 ULTRA SONIC SPEED MEASUREMENT DEVICE By: Nimisha sharma Nishant tyagi Gaurav sharma [pic] Department of Electronics & communication engineering Radha govind Engineering College Meerut, U. P 2009-2010 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Before we get in to thick of things we would like to add a few heartfelt words for the people who were the part of the project in numerous ways. People who gave unending support right from the stage the idea were conceived. In particular, we wish to thank Mr. P. K Singh Head of the Department, Electronics & Communication and Mr. Abhishek Singh lecturer, Electronics & Communication Department for providing this opportunity to us. After doing this project we can confidently say that this experience would not only enriched us with technical knowledge but also has unparsed the maturity of thought and vision . he attributes required being a successful professional. Gaurav Sharma Nimisha Sharma Nishant Tyagi CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION We, here by certify that the work which is being presented in the project report entitled Ultra sonic speed measurement device in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in Electronics & Communication Engin eering submitted in the department of Electronics & Communication Engineering of the Institute, is an authentic record of our own work carried out during final year of B. tech degree under the supervision of Mr. P. K Singh Head of the Department, Electronics & Communication and Mr. Abhishek Singh lecturer, Department Electronics & Communication Project group:- Gaurav Sharma (0606931023) Nimisha Sharma (0606931045) Nishant Tyagi (0606931047) This is to certify that the above statement made by the above candidates is correct to the best of my knowledge. Mr. P. K Singh Mr. Abhishek Singh (H. O. D) (Lecturer) Dept. of Electronics & Comm. Dept. of Electronics & Comm. R. G. E. C R. G. E. C Meerut, U. P Meerut, U. P Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Date†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Place†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Place†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ a. MEANING OF THE WORD PROJECT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . ABSTRACT †¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ c. PARTS OF SPEED MEASUREMENT DEVICE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2. GENERAL DISCRIPTION AND FEATURES OF MICRO CONTROLLER †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3. HARDWARE DISCRIPTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ a. VOLTAGE REGULATOR LM 7805†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. b. COMPONENTS †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4. PCB LAYOUT †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ a. STEPS FOR MAKING PCB †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦ b. CIRCUIT LAY OUT †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5. SOFTWARE PROGRAM †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6. TESTING†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7. TROUBLESHOOTING †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8. CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9. REFERENCES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10. APPENDIX†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. INTRODUCTION MEANING OF PROJECT The project gives the significance of the following field of engineering – P-signifies the phenomenon of planning which deals with symbolic nation and proper arrangement of sense and suggestion receptivity accordingly to the needs R-it is associate with the word resources wh ich guides to promote planning . OJ-this letter signifies the overhead expenses in unestimated expenses that may occur in the manufacture design or layout of the project. E- signifies the word engineering. C- signifies the convey about phenomenon of construction low cost. T-the word T stands for technique. unless there is a technique; it is impossible to complete the project . The conclusion thus arrived is that project is a systematic consideration discussed and proposal in a particular subject . we can say that project includes complete requirement of mechanism , tools , application and needs. It considers the circuit diagram and various operational performances in sequence and data about the instrument and in the last we can say about the project profit loss. CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. GAURAV SHARMA, student of B. Tech (Electronics & communication Engineering) Final year from Radha Govind Engineering College has successfully completed his project â€Å"ULTRA SPEED MEASUREMENT DEVICE†. During the project period he was working under the guidance of Mr. Abhishek Singh (lecturer, Electronics & Communication Engineering Department). His performance during the project has been Excellent. We wish him all the best for his future. Mr. P. K Singh Mr. Abhishek Singh (H. O. D) (Lecturer) Electronics & Comm. Dept. Electronics & Comm. Dept. R. G. E. C R. G. E. C Meerut, (U. P) Meerut, (U. P) CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Ms. NIMISHA SHARMA, student of B. Tech (Electronics & communication Engineering) Final year from Radha Govind Engineering College has successfully completed her project â€Å"ULTRA SPEED MEASUREMENT DEVICE†. During the project period she was working under the guidance of Mr. Abhishek Singh (lecturer, Electronics & Communication Engineering Department). Her performance during the project has been Excellent. We wish her all the best for her future. Mr. P. K Singh Mr. Abhishek Singh (H. O. D) (Lecturer) Electronics & Comm. Dept. Electronics & Comm. Dept. R. G. E. C R. G. E. C Meerut, (U. P) Meerut, (U. P) CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. NISHANT TYAGI, student of B. Tech (Electronics & communication Engineering) Final year from Radha Govind Engineering College has successfully completed his project â€Å"ULTRA SPEED MEASUREMENT DEVICE†. During the project period he was working under the guidance of Mr. Abhishek Singh (lecturer, Electronics & Communication Engineering Department). His performance during the project has been Excellent. We wish him all the best for his future. Mr. P. K Singh Mr. Abhishek Singh (H. O. D) (Lecturer) Electronics & Comm. Dept. Electronics & Comm. Dept. R. G. E. C R. G. E. C Meerut, (U. P) Meerut, (U. P) CHAPTER 1 ABOUT OUR PROJECT Our project the ultrasonic speed measurement device is used to measure speed of a vehicle moving in front of it using ultrasonic waves. The concept of using ultrasonic waves instead of any other communicating tools as infrared and RF is its high preciseness and very less interference by the surrounding. There can various methods that can be opted to design this instrument such as Doppler Effect etc. but we have used the concept of distance measurement at a regular interval. The pulse is being transmitted at a regular interval and the corresponding distance is measured of the two pulses. The difference in the distances is observed and is then divided by the time duration between the two pulses. As result the corresponding speed is obtained. The range of this device is directly dependent on the performance of the transmitter and the receiver. Higher the transmitting and receiving frequency better will be its range. Mathematical analysis(hypothetical) The duration of pulse is 5 milliseconds. The distance for the signal1 be say 3 cm. The distance for the signal2 be say 2. 95 cm. Difference of distances is (3-2. 95) = . 05 cm. Speed = distance/ time Speed = . 05/5 = 10 meters/sec ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE The major advantages of our project are One of the major advantages our project is its multi utility. It can be used as 1 Speed measurement 2 Distance measurement 3 Car parking controller The other advantage of this project is its cost. Its cost is less than 1000 INR. The precise result is one more advantage of our project. Limitation of our project. The major disadvantage of our project is its range. Due to the use of low frequency transmitter and receiver. High frequency transmitter and receiver give higher range of upto 10 to 15 mtrs Block diagram [pic] Circuit diagram Working In our project Ultrasonic Speed Measurement Device we are going to measure the speed of a moving vehicle. For this we are using the Ultrasonic Sensors. We first generate a 40 KHz signal by taking the time period of 25 microseconds. Then we actually generate the pulse burst with a delay of 5 milliseconds. For this we programmed the microcontroller. We send the pulse by pressing the switch that is connected to the pin no. 1 of the microcontroller. At this moment the distance of the object from the device is measured and is stored in the microcontroller. Then after the delay of 5 milliseconds the second pulse hits the moving object. Again the distance of the object is measured and is stored in the microcontroller. Then we can easily find out the difference in the distance by simply subtracting these two distances. Now we have the distance and also the time. Therefore by the formula speed = distance / time we can find out the speed of the moving object. In the transmitter part we have LM311which is a voltage comparator and is used here as the precision squarer whose pin no. 2 is connected to the pin no. 2 of the microcontroller. Then at pin no. 7 and pin no. 8 the ultrasonic transmitter is placed. In the receiver part we have LM833 for amplification and 74HC14N as the Hex inverting Schmitt trigger. The pin no. 1 of 74HC14N is connected to the pin no. of LM833. The ultrasonic receiver is connected between pin no. 6 of LM833 and ground. These ultrasonic transmitter and receiver are placed close to each other so that there will be minimum noise. Why ultrasonic signal ? ‘ULTRA'-sonic is a sound wave with a frequency above the normal range of human hearing. Most humans can hear up to 16,000 He rtz. Young people can hear almost to 20,000 Hertz. Bats and mice and other small critters can hear much higher and use those sounds to ‘see' the world around them. An ultrasonic imaging device sends a signal into a medium and then listens for the reflected waves. The more receiving transducers you use to pick up the sound the better you can tell what you are ‘looking' at. Reflected waves will reach one receiver before the next based on where the reflecting object is located. Electronics are fast enough to determine the direction and distance to the reflected objects. Also the higher the frequency you broadcast the better resolution you will see. A computer is interfaced with an array of receiving tranceducers and it calculates the direction and distance that the many echos must represent and then it plots the picture of the results. The Image can be displayed or printed. In ultrasonic non destructive testing, high-frequency sound vibrations are transmitted into material by an ultrasonic transducer. The test instrument then analyzes the ultrasonic signals which are received using either a pulse-echo or through-transmission method. In the pulse-echo mode, the transmitting transducer also serves as the ultrasonic receiver and analyzes the reflected signal with respect to amplitude and time. In the through-transmission mode, the ultrasonic signal is received by a separate transducer which analyzes the amplitude loss of signal. These ultrasonic NDT methods will indicate material defects such as longitudinal and transverse cracks, inclusions and others as well as ID/OD dimensions and dimensional changes such as thickness and ovality. Components Component required 1. Ultrasonic Transmitter and Receiver 2. Resistor 3. Capacitor 4. Crystal 5. Preset 6. Switch 7. LCD 8. Power Supply 9. IC’s †¢ LM833 †¢ LM311 †¢ 74HC14N †¢ 7805 10. Micro controller †¢ AT89S52 11. Wires 12. Burst Strip 13. IC Base Specification ULTRASONIC SENSORS [pic] Selection and use of ultrasonic ceramic transducers : The purpose of this application note is to aid the user in the selection and application of the Ultrasonic ceramic transducers. The general transducer design features a piezo ceramic disc bender that is resonant at a nominal frequency of 20 – 60 KHz and radiates or receives ultrasonic energy. They are distinguished from the piezo ceramic audio transducer in that they produce sound waves above 20 KHz that are inaudible to humans and the ultrasonic energy is radiated or received in a relatively narrow beam. The â€Å"open† type ultrasonic transducer design exposes the piezo bender bonded with a metal conical cone behind a protective screen. The â€Å"enclosed† type transducer design has the piezo bender mounted directly on the underside of the top of the case which is then machined to resonant at the desired frequency. The â€Å"PT and EP† type transducer has more internal damper for minimizing â€Å"ringing†, which usually operates as a transceiver – oscillating in a short period and then switching to receiving mode. Comparative characteristics : When compared to the enclosed transducer, the open type receiver will develop more electrical output at a given sound pressure level (high sensitivity) and exhibit less reduction in output as the operating frequency deviates from normal resonant frequency (greater bandwidth). The open type transmitter will produce more output for a specific drive level (more efficient). The enclosed type transducer is designed for very dusty or outdoor applications. The face of the transducer must be kept clean and free of damage to prevent losses. The transmitter is designed to have low impedance at the resonant frequency to obtain high mechanical efficiency. The receiver is constructed to maximize the impedance at the specified anti-resonant frequency to provide high electrical efficiency. Sound propagation : In order to properly select a transducer for a given application, it is important to be aware of the principles of sound propagation. Since sound is a wave phenomenon, its propagation and directivity are related to its wavelength (? ). A typical radiation power pattern for either a generator or receiver of waves is shown in Figure 1. Due to the reciprocity of transmission and reception, the graph portrays both power radiated along a given direction (in case of wave production), and the sensitivity along a given direction (in case of wave reception). As an example of a typical situation, a transducer of 400ET250 has an effective diameter of 23 mm (1mm wall thickness) will produce a main beam (-6dB) with full width of 30 ° at a frequency of 40 KHz. For open type transducers, the beam is decided by the angular and diameter of conical cone attached on the bender inside of housing and the opening diameter so it can not be simply calculated by the diameter of the housing. The intensity of sound waves decrease with the distance from the sound source, as might be expected for any wave phenomenon. This decrease is principal a combination of two effects. The first is the inverse square law or spherical divergence in which the intensity drop 6dB per distance doubled. This rate is common to all wave phenomena regardless of frequency. The second effect causing the intensity to decrease is the absorption of the wave by the air (see figure 2). Absorption effects vary with humidity and dust content of the air and most importantly, they vary with frequency of the wave. Absorption at 20 KHz is about 0. 02dB/30 cm. It is clear that lower frequencies are better suited for long range propagation. Of course, the selection of a lower frequency will result in less directivity (for a given diameter of source of receiver). [pic] How far the transducer could reach? One of the most frequently asked questions is â€Å"How far the transducer could reach? †. This question can be answered by a simple calculation that is based on the published specifications in the Ultrasonic Ceramic Transducer Data Sheets. The basic procedure is to first determine the minimum sound pressure level developed at the front end of the receiver for a specific transmitter driving voltage and distance between the transmitter and receiver (transceiver has double distance between reflect target). This SPL must then be converted â€Å"Pa† (Pascal) or â€Å"? bar† (microbar) units. The sensitivity of the receiver must then be converted from a dB reference to an absolute mV/Pa or ? bar level resent to obtain the final output. Assume a 400ST160 transmitter is driven at a level of 20Vrms and a 400SR160 receiver is located 5 meters from the ransmitter and loaded with a 3. K Ohm resistor (loaded resistor value varies receiver sensitivity, please see â€Å"Acoustic Performance† of transducer data sheet). The analysis is necessary to the fundamental understanding of the principals of sound wave propagation and detection but it is tedious. The figure 10 below is a graphical representation of previous analysis which may be used once in the SPL at the receiver is determined. Enter the graph from the SPL axis and proceed upward to an intersection with –dB sensitivity level of the receiver using the 1V/? bar referenced data. Follow a horizontal line to the â€Å"Y† axis to obtain the receiver output in V. At Receiver Ultrasonic echo ranging : Ultrasonic ranging systems are used to determine the distance to an object by measuring the time required for an ultrasonic wave to travel to the object and return to the source. This technique is frequently referred to as â€Å"echo ranging†. The distance to the object may be related to the time it will take for an ultrasonic pulse to propagate the distance to the object and return to the source by dividing the total distance by the speed of sound which is 344 meters/second or 13. 54 inches/millisecond. IC’s [pic] BASIC OF LM833 Low noise dual operational amplifier It is a monolithic dual operational amplifier particularly well suited for audio applications. It Offers low voltage noise (4. 5nV/vHz) and high frequency performances (15MHz Gain Bandwidth Product, 7V/? s slew rate). In addition the LM833 has also a very low distortion (0. 002%) and excellent phase/gain margins. [pic] TOP VIEW AND PIN SET [pic] Features of LM833 †¢ LOW VOLTAGE NOISE: 4. 5nV/vHz †¢ HIGH GAIN BANDWIDTH PRODUCT: †¢ 15MHz †¢ HIGH SLEW RATE: 7V/? s †¢ LOW DISTORTION: 0. 002% †¢ EXCELLENT FREQUENCY STABILITY †¢ ESD PROTECTION 2kV Basic of LM311 The LM111 series are voltage comparators that have input currents approximately a hundred times lower than devices like the mA710. They are designed to operate over a wider range of supply voltages; from standard  ±15 V op amp supplies down to a single 3 V supply. Their output is compatible with RTL, DTL, and TTL as well as MOS circuits. Further, they can drive lamps or relays, switching voltages up to 50 V at currents as high as 50mA. Both the inputs and the outputs of the LM111 series can be isolated from system ground, and the output can drive loads referred to ground, the positive supply, or the negative supply. Offset balancing and strobe capability are provided and outputs can be wire-ORed. Although slower than the mA710 (200 ns response time versus 40 ns), the devices are also much less prone to spurious oscillations. [pic] TOP VIEW AND PIN SET [pic] features FEATURES †¢ Operates from single 3 V supply (LM311B) †¢ Maximum input bias current: 150 nA (LM311: 250 nA) †¢ Maximum offset current: 20 nA (LM311: 50 nA) †¢ Differential input voltage range:  ±30 V †¢ Power consumption: 135 mW at  ±15 V †¢ High sensitivity: 200 V/mV †¢ Zero crossing detector 7805 The 7805 series of three-terminal positive regulator are available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents. [pic] 1 2 3 [pic] Internal diagram [pic] Features †¢ Output Current up to 1A Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V †¢ Thermal Overload Protection †¢ Short Circuit Protection †¢ Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection 74HC14N HEX SCHMITT TRIGGER INVERTER Basic of 7414 Each circuit functions as an inverter, but because of the Schmitt action, it has different input threshold levels for positive (VT+) and for negative going(Vt-) signals. These circuit are temperature compensated and can be triggered from the slowest Micro controller AT89S52 Basic of AT89S52 The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry- standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset. [pic] Features of AT89S52 †¢ Compatible with MCS-51 ® Products †¢ 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory – Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles †¢ 4. 0V to 5. 5V Operating Range †¢ Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz †¢ Three-level Program Memory Lock †¢ 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM †¢ 32 Programmable I/O Lines †¢ Three 16-bit Timer/Counters †¢ Eight Interrupt Sources †¢ Full Duplex UART Serial Channel †¢ Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes †¢ Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode Watchdog Timer †¢ Dual Data Pointer †¢ Power-off Flag †¢ Fast Programming Time †¢ Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode) Coding ; line 1 ; #include CLINE0 ; end of line 0 ; line 1 ; /* CLINE1 ; end of line 1 ; line 2 ; SFR31. H CLINE2 ; end of line 2 ; line 3 ; Copyright 1995 SPJ Systems, Pune CLINE3 ; end of line 3 ; line 4 ; CLINE4 ; end of line 4 ; line 5 ; This header file contains SFR declarations for the CPU 8031 CLINE5 ; end of line 5 ; line 6 ; Please note that you will have to include SFR31. H in your program, if you CLINE6 ; end of line 6 ; line 7 ; wish to access the SFRs from your C program. CLINE7 ; end of line 7 line 8 ; */ CLINE8 ; end of line 8 ; line 9 ; CLINE9 ; end of line 9 ; line 10 ; SFRACC0xe0 CLINE10 ACCequ0e0h ; end of line 10 ; line 11 ; SFRREG_B0xf0 CLINE11 REG_Bequ0f0h ; end of line 11 ; line 12 ; SFRPSW0xd0 CLINE12 PSWequ0d0h ; end of line 12 ; line 13 ; SFRSP0x81 CLINE13 SPequ081h ; end of line 13 ; line 14 ; SFRDPL0x82 CLINE14 DPLequ082h ; end of line 14 ; line 15 ; SFRDPH0x83 CLINE15 DPHequ083h ; end of line 15 ; line 16 ; SFRP00x80 CLINE16 P0equ080h ; end of line 16 ; line 17 ; SFRP10x90 CLINE17 P1equ090h ; end of line 17 ; line 18 ; SFRP20xa0 CLINE18 P2equ0a0h ; end of line 18 ; line 19 ; SFRP30x b0 CLINE19 P3equ0b0h end of line 19 ; line 20 ; SFRIP0xb8 CLINE20 IPequ0b8h ; end of line 20 ; line 21 ; SFRIE0xa8 CLINE21 IEequ0a8h ; end of line 21 ; line 22 ; SFRTMOD0x89 CLINE22 TMODequ089h ; end of line 22 ; line 23 ; SFRTCON0x88 CLINE23 TCONequ088h ; end of line 23 ; line 24 ; SFRTH00x8c CLINE24 TH0equ08ch ; end of line 24 ; line 25 ; SFRTL00x8a CLINE25 TL0equ08ah ; end of line 25 ; line 26 ; SFRTH10x8d CLINE26 TH1equ08dh ; end of line 26 ; line 27 ; SFRTL10x8b CLINE27 TL1equ08bh ; end of line 27 ; line 28 ; SFRSCON0x98 CLINE28 SCONequ098h ; end of line 28 ; line 29 ; SFRSBUF0x99 CLINE29 SBUFequ099h ; end of line 29 ; line 30 ; SFRPCON0x87 CLINE30 PCONequ087h ; end of line 30 ; line 31 ; CLINE31 ; end of line 31 ; line 2 CLINE0 ; end of line 0 ; line 1 ; /*float. h CLINE1 ; end of line 1 ; line 2 ; CLINE2 ; end of line 2 ; line 3 ; Copyright (c) SPJ Systems 1998 CLINE3 ; end of line 3 ; line 4 ; All Rights Reserved. CLINE4 ; end of line 4 ; line 5 ; */ CLINE5 ; end of line 5 ; line 6 ; CLINE6 ; end of line 6 ; line 7 ; #define FLT_RADIX2 CLINE7 ; end of line 7 ; line 8 ; #define FLT_DIG6 CLINE8 ; end of line 8 ; line 9 ; CLINE9 ; end of line 9 ; line 10 ; #define FLT_MANT_DIG24 CLINE10 ; end of line 10 ; line 11 ; #define FLT_MAX_EXP+128 CLINE11 ; end of line 11 ; line 12 #define FLT_MIN_EXP-125 CLINE12 ; end of line 12 ; line 13 ; CLINE13 ; end of line 13 ; line 3 CLINE0 ; end of line 0 ; line 1 ; #definestart_timer0()asmsetbtcon. 4 CLINE1 ; end of line 1 ; line 2 ; #definestop_timer0()asmclrtcon. 4 CLINE2 ; end of line 2 ; line 3 ; #definestart_timer1()asmsetbtcon. 6 CLINE3 ; end of line 3 ; line 4 ; #definestop_timer1()asmc lrtcon. 6 CLINE4 ; end of line 4 ; line 5 ; #defineex0_edge()asmsetbtcon. 0 CLINE5 ; end of line 5 ; line 6 ; #defineex0_level()asmclrtcon. 0 CLINE6 ; end of line 6 ; line 7 ; #defineex1_edge()asmsetbtcon. 2 CLINE7 ; end of line 7 ; line 8 ; #defineex1_level()asmclrtcon. 2 CLINE8 ; end of line 8 ; line 9 ; #defineenable_rx()asmsetbscon. 4 CLINE9 ; end of line 9 ; line 10 ; #definedisable_rx()asmclrscon. 4 CLINE10 ; end of line 10 ; line 11 ; #defineclr_ti()asmclrscon. 1 CLINE11 ; end of line 11 ; line 12 ; #defineclr_ri()asmclrscon. 0 CLINE12 ; end of line 12 ; line 13 ; #defineenable_ex0()asmorlie,#81h CLINE13 ; end of line 13 ; line 14 ; #defineenable_t0()asmorlie,#82h CLINE14 ; end of line 14 ; line 15 ; #defineenable_ex1()asmorlie,#84h CLINE15 ; end of line 15 ; line 16 ; #defineenable_t1()asmorlie,#88h CLINE16 ; end of line 16 ; line 17 ; #defineenable_ser()asmorlie,#90h CLINE17 ; end of line 17 line 18 ; #defineenable_t2()asmorlie,#0a0h CLINE18 ; end of line 18 ; line 19 ; #defineenable_all()asmmovie,#0bfh CLINE19 ; end of line 19 ; line 20 ; #defineenable()asmsetbie. 7 ; sets only the MSB CLINE20 ; end of line 20 ; line 21 ; #definedisable_ex0()asmanlie,#0feh CLINE21 ; end of line 21 ; line 22 ; #definedisable_t0()asmanlie,#0fdh CLINE22 ; end of line 22 ; line 23 ; #definedisable_ex1()asmanlie,#0fbh CLINE23 ; end of line 23 ; line 24 ; #definedisable_t1()asmanlie,#0f7h CLINE24 ; end of line 24 ; line 25 ; #definedisable_ser()asmanlie,#0efh CLINE25 ; end of line 25 ; line 26 ; #definedisable_t2()asmanlie,#0dfh CLINE26 end of line 26 ; line 27 ; #definedisable_all()asmmovie,#0 CLINE27 ; end of line 27 ; line 28 ; #definedisable()asmclrie. 7 ; clears only the MSB CLINE28 ; end of line 28 ; line 29 ; #defineset_hi_ex0()asmorlip,#1h CLINE29 ; end of line 29 ; line 30 ; #defineset_hi_t0()asmorlip,#2h CLINE30 ; end of line 30 ; line 31 ; #defineset_hi_ex1()asmorlip,#4h CLINE31 ; end of line 31 ; line 32 ; #defineset_hi_t1()asmorlip,#8h CLINE32 ; end of line 32 ; line 33 ; #defineset_hi_ser()asmorlip,#10h CLINE33 ; end of line 33 ; line 34 ; #defineset_hi_t2()asmorlip,#20h CLINE34 ; end of line 34 ; line 35 ; #defineset_lo_ex0()asmanlip,#0feh CLINE35 ; end of line 35 ; line 36 ; #defineset_lo_t0()asmanlip,#0fdh CLINE36 ; end of line 36 ; line 37 ; #defineset_lo_ex1()asmanlip,#0fbh CLINE37 ; end of line 37 ; line 38 ; #defineset_lo_t1()asmanlip,#0f7h CLINE38 ; end of line 38 ; line 39 ; #defineset_lo_ser()asmanlip,#0efh CLINE39 ; end of line 39 ; line 40 ; #defineset_lo_t2()asmanlip,#0dfh CLINE40 ; end of line 40 ; line 41 ; #defineset_double_baud()asmorlpcon,#80h CLINE41 ; end of line 41 ; line 42 ; #defineclr_double_baud()asmanlpcon,#7fh CLINE42 ; end of line 42 ; line 43 ; #definepowerdown()asmorlpcon,#2 CLINE43 ; end of line 43 ; line 44 ; #definego_idle()asmorlpcon,#1 CLINE44 ; end of line 44 ; line 45 ; #defineset_t0_mode(gate,c_t,mode)asmorltmod,#((gate * 8) + (c_t * 4) + mode) CLINE45 ; end of line 45 ; line 46 ; #defineset_t1_mode(gate,c_t,mode)asmorltmod,#(((gate * 8) + (c_t * 4) + mode) * 16) CLINE46 ; end of line 46 ; line 47 ; #defineset_com_mode(mode,sm2,ren)asmmovscon,#((mode * 64) + (sm2 * 32) + (ren * 16)) CLINE47 ; end of line 47 ; line 48 ; CLINE48 ; end of line 48 line 4 CLINE0 ; end of line 0 ; line 1 CLINE1 ; end of line 1 ; line 2 ; CLINE2 ; end of line 2 ; line 3 ; Copyright (c) SPJ Systems 1998 CLINE3 ; end of line 3 ; line 4 ; All Rights Reserved. CLINE4 ; end of line 4 line 5 ; */ CLINE5 ; end of line 5 ; line 6 ; CLINE6 ; end of line 6 ; line 7 ; unsigned char inportb (unsigned int portid) ; CLINE7 ; end of line 7 ; line 8 ; void outportb (unsigned int portid, unsigned int value) ; CLINE8 ; end of line 8 ; line 9 ; unsigned char peekb (unsigned int addr) ; CLINE9 ; end of line 9 ; line 10 ; void pokeb (unsigned int addr, uns igned int value) ; CLINE10 ; end of line 10 ; line 11 ; void set_tcnt (int tnum, unsigned int count) ; CLINE11 ; end of line 11 ; line 12 ; void delay (int count) ; CLINE12 ; end of line 12 ; line 13 ; void delay_ms (int count) ; CLINE13 ; end of line 13 ; line 14 unsigned char lo_nibb (unsigned char ch) ; CLINE14 ; end of line 14 ; line 15 ; unsigned char hi_nibb (unsigned char ch) ; CLINE15 ; end of line 15 ; line 16 ; int getbyte () ; CLINE16 ; end of line 16 ; line 17 ; void sendbyte (unsigned char ch) ; CLINE17 ; end of line 17 ; line 18 ; int ser_rdy () ; CLINE18 ; end of line 18 ; line 19 ; void init_ser () ; CLINE19 ; end of line 19 ; line 20 ; CLINE20 ; end of line 20 ; line 21 ; #defineINT_EXT01 CLINE21 ; end of line 21 ; line 22 ; #defineINT_TMR02 CLINE22 ; end of line 22 ; line 23 ; #defineINT_EXT13 CLINE23 ; end of line 23 ; line 24 ; #defineINT_TMR14 CLINE24 ; end of line 24 line 25 ; #defineINT_SER5 CLINE25 ; end of line 25 ; line 26 ; #defineINT_TMR26 CLINE26 ; end o f line 26 ; line 27 ; CLINE27 ; end of line 27 ; line 5 CLINE0 ; end of line 0 ; line 1 ; /*math. h CLINE1 ; end of line 1 ; line 2 ; CLINE2 ; end of line 2 ; line 3 ; Copyright (c) SPJ Systems 1998 CLINE3 ; end of line 3 ; line 4 ; All Rights Reserved. CLINE4 ; end of line 4 ; line 5 ; */ CLINE5 ; end of line 5 ; line 6 ; CLINE6 ; end of line 6 ; line 7 ; #definepye3. 14285714285714 CLINE7 ; end of line 7 ; line 8 ; #definepyex26. 28571428571429 CLINE8 ; end of line 8 ; line 9 ; #definepye_2 1. 57142857142857 CLINE9 ; end of line 9 line 10 ; #definepyex3_2 4. 71428571428571 CLINE10 ; end of line 10 ; line 11 ; #defineLOG20. 30102999566 CLINE11 ; end of line 11 ; line 12 ; #defineNLOG20. 69314718056 CLINE12 ; end of line 12 ; line 13 ; #defineCONST_M0. 43429 CLINE13 ; end of line 13 ; line 14 ; CLINE14 ; end of line 14 ; line 15 ; float sin (float x) ; CLINE15 ; end of line 15 ; line 16 ; float cos (float x) ; CLINE16 ; end of line 16 ; line 17 ; float tan (float x) ; CLINE17 ; end of line 17 ; line 18 ; float asin(float x) ; CLINE18 ; end of line 18 ; line 19 ; float acos (float x) ; CLINE19 ; end of line 19 ; line 20 ; float sinh (float x) ; CLINE20 ; end of line 20 ; line 21 ; float cosh (float x) ; CLINE21 ; end of line 21 ; line 22 ; float tanh (float x) ; CLINE22 ; end of line 22 ; line 23 ; float exp (float x_flval); CLINE23 ; end of line 23 ; line 24 ; float log (float value) ; CLINE24 ; end of line 24 ; line 25 ; float log10 (float value) ; CLINE25 ; end of line 25 ; line 26 ; float pow (float x, float y) ; CLINE26 ; end of line 26 ; line 27 ; float sqrt (float x) ; CLINE27 ; end of line 27 ; line 28 ; float ceil (float x) ; CLINE28 ; end of line 28 ; line 29 ; float floor (float x) ; CLINE29 ; end of line 29 ; line 30 ; float fabs (float x) ; CLINE30 end of line 30 ; line 31 ; float ldexp (float number, int power) ; CLINE31 ; end of line 31 ; line 32 ; float frexp (float number, int *power) ; CLINE32 ; end of line 32 ; line 33 ; float modf (float x, float *ipart) ; CLINE33 ; end of line 33 ; line 34 ; float fmod (float n1, float n2) ; CLINE34 ; end of line 34 ; line 35 ; CLINE35 ; end of line 35 ; line 6 CLINE0 ; end of line 0 ; line 1 ; /*stdlib. h CLINE1 ; end of line 1 ; line 2 ; CLINE2 ; end of line 2 ; line 3 ; Copyright (c) SPJ Systems 1998 CLINE3 ; end of line 3 ; line 4 ; All Rights Reserved. CLINE4 ; end of line 4 ; line 5 ; */ CLINE5 ; end of line 5 line 6 ; CLINE6 ; end of line 6 ; line 7 ; float atof (char *s) ; CLINE7 ; end of line 7 ; line 8 ; int atoi (char *s) ; CLINE8 ; end of line 8 ; line 9 ; long int atol (char *s) ; CLINE9 ; end of line 9 ; line 10 ; int abs (int n) ; CLINE10 ; end of line 10 ; line 11 ; long int labs (long int n) ; CLINE11 ; end of line 11 ; line 12 ; CLINE12 ; end of line 12 ; line 13 ; void int2bcd (int value, char *dest, int ndigits) ; CLINE13 ; end of line 13 ; line 14 ; void itoa_c31 (int value, char *dest, int ndigits) ; CLINE14 ; end of line 14 ; line 15 ; void ui2a_c31 (unsigned int value, char *dest, int ndigits) ; CLINE15 end of line 15 ; line 16 ; void ui2bcd (unsigned int value, char *dest, int ndigits) ; CLINE16 ; end of line 16 ; line 17 ; CLINE17 ; end of line 17 ; line 18 ; void long2bcd (long int val, char *dest, int cnt) ; CLINE18 ; end of line 18 ; line 19 ; void ltoa_c31 (long int val, char *dest, int cnt) ; CLINE19 ; end of line 19 ; line 20 ; CLINE20 ; end of line 20 ; line 7 ; #include CLINE0 ; end of line 0 ; line 1 ; /*etc. h CLINE1 ; end of line 1 ; line 2 ; CLINE2 ; end of line 2 ; line 3 ; Copyright (c) SPJ Systems 1998 CLINE3 ; end of line 3 ; line 4 ; All Rights Reserved. CLINE4 ; end of line 4 ; line 5 ; */ CLINE5 end of line 5 ; line 6 ; CLINE6 ; end of line 6 ; line 7 ; int bcd2int (char *str, int ndigits) ; CLINE7 ; end of line 7 ; line 8 ; void flot2str (float value, char *dest) ; CLINE8 ; end of line 8 ; line 9 ; CLINE9 ; end of line 9 ; line 8 ; #include CLINE0 ; end of line 0 ; line 1 ; /*string. h CLINE1 ; end of line 1 ; line 2 ; CLINE2 ; end of line 2 ; line 3 ; Copyright (c) SPJ Systems 1998 CLINE3 ; end of line 3 ; line 4 ; All Rights Reserved. CLINE4 ; end of line 4 ; line 5 ; */ CLINE5 ; end of line 5 ; line 6 ; CLINE6 ; end of line 6 ; line 7 ; char * strcpy (char *dest, char *src) ; CLINE7 ; end of line 7 ; line 8 char * strncpy (char *dest, char *src, int maxlen) ; CLINE8 ; end of line 8 ; line 9 ; char * strcat (char *dest, char *src) ; CLINE9 ; end of line 9 ; line 10 ; int strcmp (char *s1, char *s2) ; CLINE10 ; end of line 10 ; line 11 ; unsigned int strlen (char *src) ; CLINE11 ; end of line 11 ; line 12 ; char * strlwr (char *s) ; CLINE12 ; end of line 12 ; line 13 ; char * strupr (char *s) ; CLINE13 ; end of line 13 ; line 14 ; CLINE14 ; end of line 14 ; line 15 ; void * memset (void *s, int c, int n) ; CLINE15 ; end of line 15 ; line 16 ; CLINE16 ; end of line 16 ; line 9 ; CLINE9 ; end of line 9 ; line 10 ; CLINE10 end of line 10 ; line 11 CLINE11 ; end of line 11 ; line 12 CLINE12 ; end of line 12 ; line 13 CLINE13 ; end of line 13 ; line 14 CLINE14 ; end of line 14 ; line 15 ; CLINE15 ; end of line 15 ; line 16 CLINE16 ; end of line 16 ; line 17 CLI NE17 ; end of line 17 ; line 18 ; float f1,f2,s1,s2; CLINE18 ; end of line 18 ; line 19 ; CLINE19 ; end of line 19 ; line 20 ; /*************************************************** CLINE20 ; end of line 20 ; line 21 ; * Prototype(s) * CLINE21 ; end of line 21 ; line 22 ; ***************************************************/ CLINE22 ; end of line 22 line 23 ; CLINE23 ; end of line 23 ; line 24 CLINE24 ; end of line 24 ; line 25 CLINE25 ; end of line 25 ; line 26 CLINE26 ; end of line 26 ; line 27 CLINE27 ; end of line 27 ; line 28 CLINE28 ; end of line 28 ; line 29 ; void LCD_init(); CLINE29 ; end of line 29 ; line 30 ; CLINE30 ; end of line 30 ; line 31 ; /*************************************************** CLINE31 ; end of line 31 ; line 32 ; * Sources * CLINE32 ; end of line 32 ; line 33 ; ***************************************************/ CLINE33 ; end of line 33 ; line 34 CLINE34 ; line 35 ; { CLINE35 _LCD_delay: end of line 35 ; line 36 ; unsigned char n; CLINE36 ; end of line 36 ; line 37 ; unsigned char i; CLINE37 ; end of line 37 ; line 38 CLINE38 pushbp movbp,sp incsp incsp for0: movr1,bp incr1 incr1 [email  protected],#0 for_in0: mova,bp adda,#0fdh movr1,a movmyacc,@r1 movr0,#myacc movr1,bp incr1 incr1 mova,@r1 clrc subba,@r0 clra movacc. 0,c [email  protected],a mova,myacc jnzfor_ok0 ljmpfor_out0 for_ok0: ; line 39 ; { CLINE39 ; line 40 CLINE40 for1: movr1,bp incr1 [email  protected],#0 for_in1: movr1,bp incr1 movr0,#myacc mova,@r1 clrc subba,#100 clra movacc. 0,c [email  protected],a mova,myacc jnzfor_ok1 ljmpfor_out1 for_ok1: ; line 41 ; { CLINE41 ; line 42 asm nop CLINE42 nop ; line 43 ; } CLINE43 for_inc1: movr1,bp incr1 [email  protected] ljmpfor_in1 for_out1: ; line 44 ; } CLINE44 for_inc0: movr1,bp incr1 incr1 [email  protected] ljmpfor_in0 for_out0: ; end of line 44 ; line 45 ; CLINE45 ; end of line 45 ; line 46 ; } CLINE46 movsp,bp popbp ret ; end of line 46 ; line 47 ; CLINE47 ; end of line 47 ; line 48 ; CLINE48 ; end of line 48 ; line 49CLINE49 ; line 50 ; { CLINE50 _LCD_command: ; end of line 50 ; line 51 CLINE51 pushbp movbp,sp mova,bp adda,#0fdh movr1,a mov160,@r1 ; end of line 51 ; line 52 CLINE52 clr P3. 2 ; end of line 52 ; line 53 CLINE53 clr p3. 1 ; end of line 53 line 54 CLINE54 setb P3. 0 ; end of line 54 ; line 55 CLINE55 clr P3. 0 ; end of line 55 ; line 56 CLINE56 mova,#01h pushacc lcall_LCD_delay decsp ; end of line 56 ; line 57 ; } CLINE57 movsp,bp popbp ret ; end of line 57 ; line 58 ; CLINE58 ; end of line 58 ; line 59 CLINE59 ; line 60 ; { CLINE60 _LCD_putc: ; end of line 60 ; line 61 ; P2 = ascii; CLINE61 pushbp movbp,sp mova,bp adda,#0fdh movr1,a mov160,@r1 ; end of line 61 ; line 62 CLINE62 setb P3. 2 ; end of line 62 ; line 63 ; asm clr p3. 1 CLINE63 clr p3. 1 ; end of line 63 ; line 64 CLINE64 setb P3. 0 ; end of line 64 ; line 65 ; asm clr P3. 0 CLINE65